# Seminar

We typically have seminars on Wednesday at noon in Malone 228.  All seminar announcements will be sent to the theory mailing list.

Mar
2
Wed
[Theory Seminar] Abhishek Jain
Mar 2 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm

Details TBA

Mar
9
Wed
[Theory Seminar] Joshua Brody
Mar 9 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm

Talk Title:

Dependent Random Graphs and Multiparty Pointer Jumpin

Abstract:

We initiate a study of a relaxed version of the standard Erdos-Renyi random graph model, where each edge may depend on a few other edges.  We call such graphs *dependent random graphs*  and give tight bounds on the clique and chromatic numbers of such graphs.  Surprisingly, some of the bounds in the standard random graph model continue to hold in this relaxed setting.  For example, the size of the largest clique in a dependent random graph remains roughly log(n)/log(1/p).

As an application, we give a new upper bound on communication complexity of the Multiparty Pointer Jumping (MPJ) problem in the number-on-the-forehead (NOF) model.  NOF communication lies at the current frontier of our understanding of communication complexity, and MPJ is one of the canonical problems in this setting.  Furthermore, sufficiently strong bounds for MPJ would have important consequences for circuit complexity.

No prior knowledge is assumed aside from basic discrete probability.  I hope to motivate both random graphs and the application and demonstrate why NOF communication is an important active research area.

This talk is based on research that is joint work with Mario Sanchez.

Bio:

Joshua Brody received a bachelor’s degree in Mathematics/Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University, a Master’s Degree in Computer Science from New York University, and a  PhD in Computer Science from Dartmouth College.  Prior to graduate school, he served in the Peace Corps teaching high school mathematics in Burkina Faso, West Africa.  Dr. Brody is currently an Assistant Professor in the Computer Science department at Swarthmore College.  His primary research area is communication complexity.  Additional research interests include several areas of theoretical computer science, including streaming algorithms, property testing, and data structures.

Apr
13
Wed
[Theory Seminar] Valerio Pastro
Apr 13 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm
Speaker: Valerio Pastro (Columbia University)Title: Essentially Optimal Robust Secret Sharing with Maximal Corruptions

Abstract:
In a t-out-of-n robust secret sharing scheme, a secret message is shared among n parties who can reconstruct the message by combining their shares. An adversary can adaptively corrupt up to t of the parties, get their shares, and modify them arbitrarily. The scheme should satisfy privacy, meaning that the adversary cannot learn anything about the shared message, and robustness, meaning that the adversary cannot cause the reconstruction procedure to output an incorrect message. Such schemes are only possible in the case of an honest majority, and here we focus on unconditional security in the maximal corruption setting where n=2t+1.In this scenario, to share an m-bit message with a reconstruction failure probability of at most 2−k, a known lower-bound shows that the share size must be at least m+k bits. On the other hand, all prior constructions have share size that scales linearly with the number of parties n, and the prior state-of-the-art scheme due to Cevallos et al. (EUROCRYPT ’12) achieves m+O˜(k+n).

In this work, we construct the first robust secret sharing scheme in the maximal corruption setting with n=2t+1, that avoids the linear dependence between share size and the number of parties n. In particular, we get a share size of only m+O˜(k) bits. Our scheme is computationally efficient and relies on approximation algorithms for the minimum graph bisection problem.

This talk is based on a Eurocrypt’2016 paper with authors: Allison Bishop and Valerio Pastro and Rajmohan Rajaraman and Daniel Wichs.

(This work uses some cool tools from graph theory and I encourage you all to attend. )
Apr
20
Wed
[Theory Seminar] Noga Ron-Zewi
Apr 20 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm

Details TBA

Sep
14
Wed
[Theory Seminar] Samir Khuller
Sep 14 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm

Speaker: Samir Khuller

Affiliation: University of Maryland College Park

Title: To do or not to do: scheduling to minimize energy

Abstract:

Traditional scheduling algorithms, especially those involving job scheduling

on parallel machines, make the assumption that the machines are always

available and try to schedule jobs to minimize specific job related metrics.

Since modern data centers consume massive amounts of energy, we consider job

scheduling problems that take energy consumption into account, turning

machines off, especially during periods of low demand. The ensuing problems

relate very closely to classical covering problems such as capacitated set

cover, and we discuss several recent results in this regard.
(This is talk covers two papers, and is joint work with Jessica Chang, Hal Gabow

and Koyel Mukherjee.)

Oct
12
Wed
[Theory Seminar] Justin Hsu
Oct 12 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm

Speaker: Justin Hsu
Affiliation: University of Pennsylvania

Title: Approximate Probabilistic Coupling and Differential Privacy
Abstract: Approximate lifting is a formal verification concept for proving
differential privacy. Recently, we have explored an interesting connection:
approximate liftings are an approximate version of probabilistic coupling. As a
consequence, we can give new, “coupling” proofs of differential privacy,
simplifying and generalizing existing proofs.  In this talk we will present
approximate couplings and describe how to they can be used to prove differential
privacy for the Sparse Vector mechanism, an algorithm whose existing privacy
proof is notoriously subtle.
Joint with Gilles Barthe, Marco Gaboradi, Benjamin Gregoire, and Pierre-Yves Strub.
Oct
19
Wed
[Theory Seminar] David Harris
Oct 19 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm

Speaker: David Harris

Affiliation: University of Maryland College Park

Title: Improved parallel algorithms for hypergraph maximal independent set

Abstract:

Finding a maximal independent set in hypergraphs has been a long-standing algorithmic challenge. The best parallel algorithm for hypergraphs of rank $r$ was developed by Beame
and Luby (1990) and Kelsen (1992), running in time roughly $(\log n)^{r!}$. This is in RNC for fixed $r$, but is still quite expensive.  We improve on the analysis of Kelsen to
show that (a slight variant) of this algorithm runs in time $(\log n)^{2^r}$. We derandomize this algorithm to achieve a deterministic algorithm running in time $(\log n)^{2^{r+3}}$ using $m^{O(1)}$ processors.

Our analysis can also apply when $r$ is slowly growing; using this in conjunction with a strategy of Bercea et al. (2015) gives a deterministic algorithm running in time
$\exp(O(\log m/\log \log m))$. This is faster than the algorithm of Bercea et al, and in addition it is deterministic. In particular, this is sub-polynomial time for graphs with
$m \leq n^{o(\log \log n)}$ edges.

Oct
26
Wed
Oct 26 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm

Affiliation: Penn State University.

Title: Privacy, Information and Generalization

Abstract:

Consider an agency holding a large database of sensitive personal
information — medical records, census survey answers, web search
records, or genetic data, for example. The agency would like to
discover and publicly release global characteristics of the data (say,
to inform policy or business decisions) while protecting the privacy
of individuals’ records. I will begin by discussing what makes this
problem difficult, and exhibit some of the nontrivial issues that
plague simple attempts at anonymization and aggregation. Motivated by
this, I will present differential privacy, a rigorous definition of
privacy in statistical databases that has received significant
attention.

In the second part of the talk, I will explain how differential
privacy is connected to a seemingly different problem: “adaptive data
analysis”, the practice by which insights gathered from data are used
to inform further analysis of the same data sets. This is increasingly
common both in scientific research, in which data sets are shared and
re-used across multiple studies. Classical statistical theory assumes
that the analysis to be run is selected independently of the data.
This assumption breaks down when data re re-used; the resulting
dependencies can significantly bias the analyses’ outcome. I’ll show
how the limiting the information revealed about a data set during
analysis allows one to control such bias, and why differentially
private analyses provide a particularly attractive tool for limiting
information.

Based on several papers, including recent joint works with R. Bassily,
K. Nissim, U. Stemmer, T. Steinke and J. Ullman (STOC 2016) and R.
Rogers, A. Roth and O. Thakkar (FOCS 2016).

Bio:
Adam Smith is a professor of Computer Science and Engineering at Penn
State. His research interests lie in data privacy and cryptography,
and their connections to machine learning, statistics, information
theory, and quantum computing. He received his Ph.D. from MIT in 2004
and has held visiting positions at the Weizmann Institute of Science,
UCLA, Boston University and Harvard. In 2009, he received a
Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE).
In 2016, he received the Theory of Cryptography Test of Time award,
jointly with C. Dwork, F. McSherry and K. Nissim.

Nov
16
Wed
[Theory Seminar] Justin Thaler
Nov 16 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm

Speaker: Justin Thaler

Affiliation: Georgetown University

Title: Approximate Degree, Sign-Rank, and the Method of Dual Polynomials

Abstract:

The eps-approximate degree of a Boolean function is the minimum degree of a real polynomial that point-wise approximates f to error eps. Approximate degree has wide-ranging applications in theoretical computer science, yet our understanding of approximate degree remains limited, with few general results known.

The focus of this talk will be on a relatively new method for proving lower bounds on approximate degree: specifying dual polynomials, which are dual solutions to a certain linear program capturing the approximate degree of any function. I will describe how the method of dual polynomials has recently enabled progress on a variety of open problems, especially in communication complexity and oracle separations.

Joint work with Mark Bun, Adam Bouland, Lijie Chen, Dhiraj Holden, and Prashant Nalini Vasudevan

Nov
30
Wed
Nov 30 @ 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm

Affiliation: Penn State University

Title: Fast and Space-Optimal Differentially-Private Low-Rank Factorization in the General Turnstile Update Model

Abstract:

The problem of {\em low-rank factorization} of an mxn matrix A requires outputting a singular value decomposition: an m x k matrix U, an n x k matrix V, and a k x k diagonal
matrix D) such that  U D V^T approximates the matrix A in the Frobenius norm.  In this paper, we study  releasing differentially-private low-rank factorization of a matrix in
the general turnstile update model.  We give two differentially-private algorithms instantiated with respect to two levels of privacy.  Both of our privacy levels are stronger
than  privacy levels for this and related problems studied in previous works, namely that of Blocki {\it et al.} (FOCS 2012), Dwork {\it et al.} (STOC 2014), Hardt and Roth
(STOC 2012, STOC 2013), and Hardt and Price (NIPS 2014). Our main contributions are as follows.

1. In our first level of privacy, we consider two matrices A and A’ as neighboring if  A – A’ can be represented as an outer product of two unit vectors. Our private algorithm
with respect to this privacy level incurs optimal  additive error.  We also prove a lower bound that shows that the space required by this algorithm is optimal up to a
logarithmic factor.
2. In our second level of privacy, we consider two matrices  as neighboring if their difference has the Frobenius norm at most 1. Our private algorithm with respect to this
privacy level is computationally more efficient than our first algorithm and incurs optimal additive error.