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OTEC and SAVAGE
Date: Wed, 8 Feb 95 02:22:03 CST
From: "Philip H. Kopitske" <kopit002@maroon.tc.umn.edu>
X-Minuet-Version: Minuet1.0_Beta_16
Reply-To: <kopit002@maroon.tc.umn.edu>
X-POPMail-Charset: English
To: jhboyle@acs.harding.edu, theresa@pipeline.com, mtsavage@pipeline.com
Subject: Re: OTEC Engineering
On Wed, 11 Jan 1995 16:11:54 CST,
jhboyle@acs.harding.edu <jhboyle@acs.harding.edu> wrote:
>
>Phil,
>
>I was directed to your email address by an assistant of Mr. Savage in
>regards to slight flaws in the Aquarius specifications per the book
>The Millenial Project. I would be most appreciative if you could
>outline the flaws that you have detected in the Aquarius portion of the
>book, as I will be quoting many of the facts and figures during the
>course of the Spring 1995 semester in national circuit CEDA debate.
>
>Thank you for your time,
>
>Joe Boyle
>Harding University
>
>
Dear Mr. Boyle,
Thanks for contacting me. I did a technical review of the first
edition of The Millennial Project back in 1993 for Marshall. Many of my
suggestions have already been incorporated into the Little Brown edition.
The vast majority of my errata were related to the size of the individual
hexagons, and the relative uptake of nitrogen by the varius mariculture
products in table 1.10
The original Westinghouse OTEC, designed in the late 1970s, was a
floating cylinder 200 feet long (deep) and 328 feet in diameter. To fit
the OTEC inside a hexagon, you would need to make the hexagon 328 feet wide
across the flat sides. Marshall used a 328 foot diagonal throughout
chapter 1, which reduced the hexagon's width, and consequently, the OTEC's
diameter, to 284 feet. At the same time, he downrated the OTEC from 100 MW
to 59 MW of useable output. Because the OTEC has been down-sized, the
smaller hexagon is appropriate. In your debates, continue to use the
book's values for hexagon mass and size.
In the Mariculture table, 1.10, Marshall made a few Nitrogen uptake
errors. I developed an Excel spreadsheet, which I will attach, that comes
up with some differnt numbers for table 1.10. Because there are many
unknown in this full-blown mariculture operation, you may again be just as
well off quoting the book on these points too, but I'll leave that up to
you. Because I did this review prior to the Little Brown eddition, all
page, paragraph, and line numbers (i.e. 060-4-6) are two pages higher in
the latter edition. I'll keep digging through my old e-mails, and send you
anything else I turn up.
Are there any debates in Minnesota I could get in on as an informed
spectator?
I apologize for the month delay, and hope it has not yet effected you
touring season!
>To: <72162.3612@compuserve.com>
:
Hi Marshall! This is my 12-13 errata letter That I couldn't get on
BBS to send. Sorry for skipping around, but I actually started this
one first, then did the spreadsheet, and then went back to revise
this one. I also found an errata in MY ERRATA that I sent via email
on 12/22/93. 58.T-1.10 - $264 MM becomes $317.4 MM is correct.
:
Any way, here we go again!
:
026.2.1 300 MM lb/Yr becomes 270 MM (335 x 365 x 2,204.6226.
Page 43, paragraph 1 shows 435 tons protein/day, or 158,775 TPY,
Appendix 1.8, p396, show 307 tons protein/day, or 112,055 TPY,
Page 49 show 361, or 306.85 tons protein, or 131,765 TPY.
Table 1.10 show 85,700 TPY concentrate, or 72,845 TPY protein.
:
My Nitrogen spreadsheet shows 71.313 tons/day total Nitrogen, of
which 78% is fixed by Spirulina, but because the filter feeder
eat Sprulina, consuming 15% of the total Nitrogen, you only get
to harvest 63%, or 44.919 tons. This changes your page 43, 49, 58,
and appendix 1.8 analysis.
:
In addition to making all these Spirulina harvest numbers agree with
each other, we need to figure out how much of the white powder and the
beta carotene, if any, the colonists would consume, and subtract the
amounts in Table 1.10. With their excellent diets, I assumed they
would not need vitamin or protein supplements. I'd suggest an extra
column in T 1.10 showing colony consumption per item though.
:
026.2.13 - Don't forget to say, 484 million acres PER MARINE COLONY!
:
IDEA: Why not deliver liquid hydrogen using OTEC Airships too? It is
probably faster than surface ships, and can reach any point on Earth!
Also, the Airships can then burn some of their cargo enroute, and
replentish their hydrogen shell supply if needed.
:
028.3.6 - 700,000 TPY CO2 becomes 600,000. The 188,271 TPY green powder
plus 37,690 Benthic eater meat, plus 56,535 Spirulina eater meat plus
19,161 carnivore meat plus 461,336 TPY kelp is only 762,993 TPY of
biomass. At 20% carbon, I'm getting 152,599 TPY carbon. With CO2
being 12/44 = 27.27% carbon, that's 559,529 TPY CO2. I guess if we
include all the carbon in the shell CaCO3, at 12/(40+12+16+16+16)=
12 amu/100 amu = 12%, and took your 87,000 TPY shells from 76.1.2,
we could add another .12 x 87,000 /.2727 = 38,380 TPY CO2, an thus
get up to 600,000. My Nitrogen spreadsheet shows even less Shellfish,
but if the objective were to sink carbon, we could maximize shellfish
production by feeding them all the spirulina, not just 15%. Using
the spreadsheet as a tool, and setting Filter Feeders to 78% of the
total nitrogen, with 10% to benthic eaters and 12% direct to kelp,
we get 0 tons spirulina and beta corotene, benthics are unchanged at
37,690 TPY harvested meat, caged shellfish jump to 293,983 TPY, fish
jumps to 58,840 (on waste of 389 TPD shellfish scrap, 24 tpd kitchen,
and 69 TPD fish scrap), and kelp, now fixing 60.6% of total N, sky
rockets to 1,169,122 TPY, for a total biomass of 1,559,351 TPY.
Sinking it all should remove 311,927 TPY carbon from the biosphere,
(1,143,733 TPY CO2) if fish is also 20% carbon, plus the shell carbon!
:
33.5.1 - In Appendix 1.8 you say maricuture inlet water is 57 F
(13.9 C), but you say 44.6 F (7 C). Roels and Othmer describe the
open cycle OTEC as having a 10 C (50F) cold water discharge (Science,
V182, #4108, page 122. SSP's closed cycle OTEC discharges its 3.9 C
(39 F) cold intake water at 9.44 C (49 F), but with a 5 stage deaerator
and a three stage distillation unit, it raises the cold water to 23.3 C
(74 F), while cooling the warm water to 56 F, and producing .0095 lb
fresh water per pound of cold water discharge flow. A 13 stage unit
can produce .0246 lb/lb cold water and gets the cold water up to 78 F!
:
Ref. 35 - OTEC: A 42 F delta T is optimal for 25 to 100 MW plants.
Raising or lowering delta T by 4 F has a 25% effect on power.
ERRATA: (46/42)^2 = 1.2, and (38/42)^2 = .82, a 20% effect.
:
T 1.3 - IDEA: Use graph here showing depth vs temp in C and F
:
T 1.4 - IDEA: Use a graph here too, showing temperature vs. month.
Plot surface water temperature, 1000 m deep water temperature,
and differential temperatures (dotted) on the vertical left axis
in C and F, power ouput percent on the vertical right axis. Plot
month of the year on the horizontal axis.
:
035.0.2 - Reference table 1.3 here, not 1.4!
:
Page 36:- Regions mislabeled. A is too low, B through G are good,
Right hand H is one of four cold water discharge pumps, Left
hand H is one of four warm water discharge pumps, and there are
no supply pumps. Region I is really one of 16 intake pipes that
are embedded in the OTEC housing wall. The pipes are separated
by air gaps. Vacuum draws warm water in the 16 intake pipes.
:
36.1.3 - Using 595,000 lb/s at 8.561155 lb/gal gives 69,500 gps.
Dividing by 7.4805195 gal/ft3 gives 9,290.80 ft3/s, not 9,400, due
to cold seawater being denser than fresh water.
:
My handbook of chemistry and physics shows that fresh water
experiences a 1.00083193 increase in density as it cools from 15 C
to 4 C (3781.105/3777.962 g/l). It lists sea water density as
1.025 kg/l (63.99 lb/ft3) at 15 C, so at 4 C, seawater density
should be 1.0258527 kg/l, 64.0418944 lb/ft3, or 8.561156 lb/gal.
:
036.1.7 - Say 3300', not 3000. (Where's 18' elevation from?)
:
036.2.1 - My Westinghouse Final Report, microfich 81N23392,
shows region G in the cold water intake pipe is flow separators
and a shut-off valve. There is no large single pump, there are 4
smaller cold water pumps, shown as the right hand H in Fig 1.2,
which alternate with 4 warm water discharge pumps. You can see
6 of the 8 pump maintenance ports on the top of the OTEC. If you
look even closer at the left and right pumps, you can see that the
right pump, labled H, is smaller than the left one, dispite the
perspective effects. This is because WW flow is twice CW flow.
:
T 1.5 - Where did the single cold water pump data come from?
Perhaps the design changed from '79, Ref 38,m to '81 final report?
(20' rotor, 39' impeller, 38 rpm, 12.5 MW.) Also, 4.3E6 gpm should
actually be 4.17 million gpm in the fourth row of T 1.5. Ref. 42's
595,000 lb/s / 8.561156 lb/gal gives 69,500 gps, which is 4.17
million gpm for T 1.5 pump volume.
:
Ref. 38 Don't factor costs per kW by 0.6 to downsize plant and
save money. Reduction of kWh brings the cost down as a plant
is downsized, not modification to the per kWh cost factors.
Finally, a 2x inflation factor may not be needed, because OTEC
technology advances are mostly negating inflation. The Sea
Solar Power 100 MW OTEC was $1 million/MW 1960 and $1.5 in 1993.
Also, from 1960 to 1980, condenser cost dropped 10 fold per unit
of cooling, due to technological advances. Costs 10 to 20
years out that simply inflate the cost of existing systems will
likely be way too high, as they neglect advancing technology.
:
41.3.7 - IDEA: We could use a graph right here, showing N concen-
tration as a function of depth, with a peak at a depth of 3300 feet!
:
52.3.2 - 37,690.1 tons/year. Fix ref 80 , lines 5 and 8. Benthic
shellfish fix 35% of of 10% of Nitrogen, so at .448 g/m3 x 10% x 35%,
they grab .01568 g N/m3. Dry meat protein is 7.52% N, and meat is
22.5 % protein, yielding 0.9267 g meat per m3, not 1.83g. Multiply
by 5.81E10 m3/year gives 49,896 tons/year, less 30% waste yields
37,690 tons/year. Also, what is shell production basis of estimate?
:
52.4.6 - Filter feeding shellfish fix .448 x 15% x 35% = .02352 g/m3,
yields 1.39 g/m3 wet meat, not 2.75. Multiplying by 5.81E10 m3/year
gives 80,764 tons/yr, less 30% waster yields 56,535 tons/year. This
is 155 TPD, not 440 TPD in reference 80, and it's not all oysters!
:
52.4.9 - How much lime is diverted from Magnesium to plaster? Also,
what produces calcium oxide fastest, giant clams, oysters, scallops?
:
52.4.11 - How much chitin is used for paper and edible chitin bags?
:
54.1.2 - Why wholesale pearls for a 75% loss? Can't WE string beads?
:
54.1.4 - How much mother-of-pearl, and what is it's value?
:
54.1.10 - In my spreadsheet, pearls are $437 MM of $10,126 MM, or
4.3% of total income, and I forced the same production of pearls
and abalone to match TMP dispite lower total shellfish production.
:
54.1.10 - Pearl oysters get 10.88% of 3.675% of the nitrogen, or
about .4%. Pearl Abalone get 4.25% of 2.45% of the nitrogen, or
about .1%. Combined, total is .5%, or half of 1%.
:
64 Fig 1.11 - Combine Edible and Pearl Oysters into a split cage,
and make the extra oyster cage into an Anchovy cage to agree with
the shellfish products listed in table 1.10, or combine cages into
spirulina harvesters so workers can access shellfish, and spirulina
all forced through the cages prior to harvest to maximize feeding.
Cull to control yield.
:
54.3.9 - For now, I'd say change 43% to 24% (23.927)
:
Ref 84 - Say this: Nitrogen available for kelp production:
12% - fraction left unabsorbed by benthic kelp(10%) or spirulina(78%)
16.25% - 25% of total N is absorbed by secondary producers,
65% of which is excreted as ammonia.
2.4258 - 30% of total secondary producers fixed N (8.75% of total)
is recycled as scrap (2.625%), to feed terciary producers,
which in turn convert 89.5% to ammonia and 10.5% to meat.
30% of this tertiary meat is again converted to scrap, where
an additional 89.5% of it's nitrogen content becomes ammonia,etc.
12% plus 16.25% plus 2.4258% gives 30.6758% of the total N to kelp.
:
Ref 85 78% X 30.6758% = 23.927%
:
54.3.9 - The coupled equations that result from external N from
agricultural and kitchen waste products, as well as the potential of
recycling Nitrogen from Kelp waste, all serve to increase fish and
kelp (algin) production, because 89.5% of the new Nitrogen becomes Kelp
ammonia, and the other 10.5% becomes fish meat. Then 53%? of the Kelp
tonnage and 30% of the fish tonnage are processed into more fish food!
kelp waste (669.89 tons/day, unknown Nitrogen content),
Spirulina waste (82.68 tons/day, no Nitrogen?),
Benthic shellfish scrap (44.25 tons/day, Nitrogen counted)
Filter feeder scrap (66.38 tons/day, Nitrogen counted
Kitchen waste, (24.00 tons/day, unknown Nitrogen content).
:
Feeding kelp scrap to fish, and fish ammonia to kelp forms a set
of coupled differential equations, the stuff chaos is made of!
:
:54.3.12 - Seaweed will fix about a quarter (23.9%) of the nitrogen
:
54.3.13 - 1725 TPD becomes 1264 TPD.
:
Ref 86 line 2: .400 g/m3 becomes .448 g/m3, 70 tons becomes 71.3
line 3:, 23.9% binds 17 tons N, line 4: producing 113 tons
:
54.4.2 Don't WE need films, gels, rubber, linolium, cosmetics,
polishes or paint too? (What, no sex?) Why export algin when we
can produce these valuable end products ourselves.
:
FOOD FOR THOUGHT - I think this is a good time to discuss free enterprise
verses institutionalism. I'd like to see as many competing goods and
services providers as possible to prevent death by bloated institution.
I'm afraid that if water, power, central storage, health care, etc., are
not open to some form of competition, they'll suffer the plight of many US
government institutions, top heavy management and workers with tenure and
attitude problems.
:
55.0.5 - We need copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and gold extraction too:
Germany was going to pay off their war reparations with gold extracted from
seawater, but they slipped a digit in the gold concentration and would have
lost money on the project. We're pumping lots of water for free, so it is
worth looking into extracting gold again!
:55.2.2 - 810 becomes 594
:55.2.4 - 1800 is really 1633 Tons/Yr. (36 kg x 100,000 / 2.2046226), and
294,000 TPY becomes 216,828 - 1634 = 215,194, or about 215,000 TPY.
:
55.2.5 - At $8.50/lb, say $4,063 million, not $470 if note 102 is correct.
At $1.25/lb, say $593 million, not $470 if note 92 is correct,
but clarify the two notes also. It's a $3.3 billion dollar answer!
:
55.3.13 - 24 tons of scrap? I found 44.25 + 66.38 = 110.64!
:
55.3.14 - 24 tons from spirulina and kelp? I found 82.68 + 669.89 = 752.57!
We WILL find a way to extract the nitrogen for fish food, the edible
and/or burnable fibre for food/fuel products, and the carbon rich
ash for discharge in a small cold water stream designed to sink
below the tropic level. We can build these waste processing func-
tions into the floating spirulina and kelp plantships! I also had
a brainstorm about incorporating the cages into the spirulina
harvesting water intake streams, to funnel the spirulina past the
shellfish in a convenient and accessible work environment! It could
mean modifying figure 1.11 to omit the cages, and adding an inset
diagram of a spirulina harvestor with integral cages for which ever
shellfish variety is needed. Alternately, the three plants in each
pond could simply have intake pipes routed to the cages, but then
it's hard to cull and harvest. This concept might not work well
for the fish, because their waste ammonia might need to be spread
around more, and they might need a lot more room than the shellfish.
:
56.0.1 - 30 tons per day becomes 75 tons per day total (52.5 edible),
about a quarter of this will be consumed by the colony (same 15 TPD).
:
Ref. 93 - line 4: 27 tos becomes 75 tons, 22.5 tons of which is scrap.
:
56.2.9 - IDEA: yellow, red, white and blue edible chitin bags taste like
banana, cherry, milk, and blueberry!
:
56.3.4 - IDEA: We need food processing plants to extract kelp fibre, and
make steak out of it. I'm just trying to keep track of each plant here!
:
57.1.3 - What is the colony demand for fruits, vegetables, and all meats?
:
57.1.5 - What is the total breakwater and city surface hydroponic flow rate?
:
57.4.3 - Painfully Saganesque to have "...and billions". Is it Saganecessary?
:
57.5.2 - worth over $10 billion a year.
:
IDEA - My idea of a construction platform for acreting sea-ment is a ring of
inner breakwater floats within a ring of massive breakwater floats to give
the workers a stable platform. An OTEC or seedship is incorporated or attached
to the outer ring to provide power. To keep the breakwater stable, we anchor it
on three corners, and place large flat plates on each cable to act as gigantic
underwater hydraulic dampers. We would have annodes extending down from the
inner sides of the six inner floats, and have their undersides be concave
to collect and process the oxygen and chlorine gasses given off. We would
float domes within the acreation hexagon to support annode lines for interior
walls, as well as to capture the oxygen gas from those annodes. We can dome
over the whole inner 7 hexagons with an opaque bubble to both capture the
hydrogen, and keep the rain out and the A/C in. By forming each tower or
breakwater floor to completion within my controlled "factory", we get uniform
and perfect hexagons. We direct some of the cold water discharge from the
OTECs into the acretion zone to ensure high and even deposition rates, and to
cool the forming structure and sourrounding work environment. By putting
voids within the thickest walls of the structure, we ensure neutral bouyancy
once the interior is flooded. Growth would proceed in horizontal rings, from
the bottom up, to allow hydrogen gas to escape upwards, and to allow each
ring of magnesium mesh a chance to attach to the ring below, and grow into
the ring above. This requires attachment to the construction floats for
support, but allows the structure to be jacked up for machinery installation.
The machinery would be temporarily enclosed in waterproofing material, and
the structure would be resubmerged for completion of the ceiling.
:
The bubble float would be grown first, and would have temporary water and
air lines running through the top of the float, with the water line running
all the way to the bottom of the float, so we could use it to control tower
bouyancy. The machinery floor would be grown onto the top of the submerged
float, with any large non-electrical components installed at this point, and
then sunk to sea level by partially flooding the float below. I would have
the next 3 floors of the tower at various stages of completion atop the six
floats around the central hole, alternating construction hexagons with open
ones to have room to move the completed floors to the center without hitting
an adjacent construction area. When a new floor was complete, I would move
it over the central hole, connect it to the top of the floor at water level,
jumper all vertical tubes, pipes, and ducts, and then pump a little water into
the bubble float beneath the machinery room to lower the whole tower 10 feet.
:
When a tower was completed I would sink it clear of the construction pad,
attach it to other towers under water by wiring the pertruding rebar joints
together, and then acrete them to eachother. The central 55 story tower would
be completed first and raised 210 feet out of the water by pumping air into a
deliberately constructed air-tight 22nd floor. The dynamically stable tower
would now ready for interior finnishing and habitation of the top 21 stories.
Windows and elevator wells could be cut in after the next "raising" was done.
The 22nd floor might as well house air handling equipment! At this point, 21
stories would be above water, and 34 below, for a total of 55, and a ratio of
62% submerged. The bottom floors would now be 340 feet below sea level. By
capturing most of the hydrogen and oxygen during formation, we can reduce the
cost of construction enormously.
:
After the six surrounding 34 story towers were completed, (ring 1), they would
be attached to the central tower, and grown together (divers would have to go
inside to connect all the horizontal pipes, tubes and ducts). Then the seven
towers, now fused into a single unit, would be raised 13 stories by pumping
air into deliberately constructed air-tight 14th floors of the 6 outer towers.
Now 13 x 7 = 91 more stories would be above water, totaling 112, and 21 x 7 =
147 stories would be below, for a ratio of 147 / 259 = 57% submerged. The
bottom floors would now be 210 feet below sea level.
:
Ring 2's twelve towers of 21 stories would be attached next, and another eight
stories of Aquarius would arise, as air displaced water in ring 2's air-tight
ninth floors. As in the previous step, air would also displace some additional
water in the interior tower floats to allow each tower to carry its own weight.
Now 8 x 19 = 152 more stories would be above water, totaling 264, and 13 x 19
= 247 stories would be below, for a ratio of 247 / 511 = 48% submerged. The
bottom floors would now be 130 feet below sea level, and the city would be
1,640 feet, or 1/3 of a mile wide.
:
Ring 3's 18 towers of 13 stories don't need air-tight rooms because the city
would be wide enough at this point, and have enough of it's above water mass
in the center, to be dynamically stable on ring 3's bubble floats alone. After
attaching ring 3's towers, the city would be raised another 5 stories out of
the sea. Now (5 x 37) 185 more stories would be above water, totaling 449,
and 8 x 37 = 296 stories would be below, for a ratio of 296 / 745 = 38%
submerged. The base of Aquarius would now be 80 feet under and 2,296 feet,
or a bit under a half mile wide.
:
Ring 4's 24 towers of 8 stories would raise the city up 3 stories, adding
3 x 61 = 183 to 449 for 632 above water, and leaving 5 x 61 = 305 below, for
a submerged ratio of 305 / 937 = 33%, and a base 50 feet under and 2,953 feet,
or just over a half mile wide.
:
Ring 5's 30 towers of 5 stories would raise the city up 2 stories, adding
2 x 91 = 182 to 632 for 814 above water, and leaving 3 x 91 = 273 below, for
a submerged ratio of 273 / 1087 = 25%, and a base 30 feet under and 3,609 feet,
or just over two thirds of a mile wide.
:
Ring 6's 36 towers of 3 stories would raise the city up 1 story, adding
127 to 814 for 941 above water, and leaving 2 x 127 = 254 below, for
a submerged ratio of 254 / 1198 = 21%, and a base 20 feet under and 3,937 feet,
or three quarters of a mile wide.
:
Ring 7's 42 towers of 2 stories would raise the city up 1 story, adding
169 to 941 for 1110 above water, and leaving 169 below, for a submerged
ratio of 169 / 1279 = 13%, and a base 10 feet under and 4,921 feet, or
nine tenths of a mile wide.
:
Ring 8's 48 towers of 1 story would raise the city up 1 story, adding
217 to 1110 for 1327 above water, and leaving none below, for a submerged
ratio of zero, and a base at sea level 5,577 feet, or just over a mile wide!
:
More to come!
026.2.1 ERRATA: 410 Tons x 365 = 149,650 Tons/year = 330 million lb/year.
Page 43 shows 435 tons protein/day, or 158,775 Tons protein/year,
Appendix 1.8, p396, show 307 tons protein/day, 112,055 Tons/year,
Page 49 show 361 tons concentrate at 85% protein, which would only
contain 306.85 tons protein (no doubt from App. 1.8), and which
implies an annual production of concentrate of 131,765 tons.
Table 1.10 show 85,700 tons concentrate at 85% protein, which would
only contain 72,845 tons of protein.
My Nitrogen spreadsheet shows 71.313 tons/day total Nitrogen, of
which 78% is fixed by Spirulina, but because the filter feeders
eat Sprulina, consuming 15% of the total Nitrogen, you only get
to harvest 63%, or 44.919 tons. This changes your page 43, 49, 58,
and appendix 1.8 analysis, as follows to 44.919/14.3% = 314.12 tons
protein/day (65% protein), or 483.26 tons/day green powder, of which
7.5% is beta carotene, at 36.24 tons per day and 13,229 tons/year.
Converting green powder to white powder retains the protein at 85%
concentration, yielding 369.55 tons/day white powder and don't
forget the (483.26 - (369.55 + 36.24) = 77.47 tons/day waste, which
is probably mostly carbon and silicates and can be sunk with the
mariculture discharge water to remove carbon from the bioshphere!
In addition to making all these Spirulina harvest numbers agree with
each other, we need to figure out how much of the white powder and the
beta carotene, if any, the colonists would consume, and subtract the
amounts in Table 1.10. I'd like to see an extra column in the table
showing colony consumption for each exportable item.
026.2.13 IDEA: Don't forget to say, 484 million acres PER MARINE COLONY!
IDEA: Why not deliver liquid hydrogen using OTEC Airships too? It is
probably faster than surface ships, and can reach any point on Earth!
Also, the Airships can then burn some of their cargo enroute, and
replentish their hydrogen shell supply if needed.
028.3.6 ERRATA: I can't get 700,000 tons/year CO2.
If I add the total tons of all exports from table 1.10, and use all
the kelp, not just the algin, I can get up to 664,472 ton/year of
biomas, but if that is 20% carbon, I'm still only at 66,000 tons
carbon. With CO2 being 12/44 = 27.27% carbon, I can get that 66,000
tons up to 242,000 tons CO2, but 700,000 is still out of reach.
33.5.1 ERRATA: In Appendix 1.8 you say maricuture pond inlet water is 57 F
(13.9 C), but you say 44.6 F (7 C). Roels and Othmer describe the
open cycle OTEC as having a 10 C (50F) cold water discharge (Science,
V182, #4108, page 122. SSP's closed cycle OTEC discharges its 3.9 C
(39 F) cold intake water at 9.44 C (49 F), but with a 5 stage deaerator
and a three stage distillation unit, it raises the cold water to 23.3 C
(74 F), while cooling the warm water to 56 F, and producing .0095 lb
fresh water per pound of cold water discharge flow. A 13 stage unit
can produce .0246 lb/lb cold water and gets the cold water up to 78 F!
Ref. 35 OTEC: A 42 F delta T is optimal for 25 to 100 MW plants.
Raising or lowering delta T by 4 F has a 25% effect on power.
ERRATA: (46/42)^2 = 1.2, and (38/42)^2 = .82, a 20% effect.
T 1.3 IDEA: Use graph here showing depth vs temp in C and F
.
T 1.4 IDEA: Use a graph here too, showing temperature vs. month of year.
Plot surface water temperature, 1000 m deep water temperature,
and differential temperatures (dotted) on the vertical left axis
in C and F, power ouput percent on the vertical right axis. Plot
month of the year on the horizontal axis.
035.0.2 ERRATA: Reference table 1.3 here, not 1.4!
Page 36 ERRATA: Regions mislabeled. A is too low, B through G are good,
Right hand H is one of four cold water discharge pumps, Left
hand H is one of four warm water discharge pumps, and there are
no supply pumps. Region I is really one of 16 intake pipes that
are embedded in the OTEC housing wall. The pipes are separated
by air gaps. Vacuum draws warm water in the 16 intake pipes.
36.1.3 ERRATA: Using 595,248 lb/s at 8.561156 lb/gal gives 69,529 gps.
Dividing by 7.4805195 gal/ft3 gives 9294.66 ft3/s, not 9,400 ft3/s.
My handbook of chemistry and physics shows that fresh water
experiences a 1.00083193 increase in density as it cools from 15 C
to 4 C (3781.105/3777.962 g/l). It lists sea water density as
1.025 kg/l (63.99 lb/ft3) at 15 C, so at 4 C, seawater density
should be 1.0258527 kg/l, 64.0418944 lb/ft3, or 8.561156 lb/gal.
036.1.7 ERRATA: Say 3300', not 3000. (Where's 18' elevation from?)
036.2.1 ERRATA: My 1981 Westinghouse Final Report, microfich 81N23392,
shows region G in the cold water intake pipe is flow separators
and a shut-off valve. There is no large single pump, there are 4
smaller cold water pumps, shown as the right hand H in Fig 1.2,
which alternate with 4 warm water discharge pumps. You can see
6 of the 8 pump maintenance ports on the top of the OTEC. If you
look even closer at the left and right pumps, you can see that the
right pump, labled H, is smaller than the left one, dispite the
perspective effects. This is because WW flow is twice CW flow.
T 1.5 ERRATA: Where did the single cold water pump data come from?
Perhaps the design changed from '79, Ref 38,m to '81 final report?.
(20' rotor, 39' impeller, 38 rpm, 12.5 MW. Also, 4.3E6 gpm and
should actually be 4.1717 million gpm in the fourth row of T 1.5.
Ref. 42's 595,000 lb/s is so close to 270,000 kg/s, that in my
Nitrogen spreadsheet, I assumed 270,000 kg/s / 2.204662 = 595,248
gps, at a 4 C density of 8.561156 lb/gal to get 69,529 gps, and
4.1717 million gpm for T 1.5 pump volume.
ERRATA: Ref. 38 factors costs per kW by 0.6 to downsize plant and save
money, but OTECs are costed by net, not gross power, so you did
not have to downrate. Also, cost per kWh are fixed. It is the
reduction of installed kWh that brings the cost down as a plant
is downsized, not modification to the per kWh cost factors.
Finally, a 2x inflation factor not needed, because for OTECs,
technological advances are mostly negating inflation. The Sea
Solar Power 100 MW OTEC was $1 million/MW 1960 and $1.5 in 1993.
41.3.7 ERRATA: Use .448/m3 here to get 1.7 mg/gal in 43.1.4
Also, Roels uses .448 g/m3 for his 100 MW OTEC mariculture, but
this is from 870 m costal water, not 1000 m open ocean water
In addition, the 6 inch PVC pipe allowed the deep water to warm
up to about 21.5 to 23 C, so his .448 g/l N is low by (3781.090/
3772.180) 1.002362% if he didn't density correct his warm discharge
back down to 5 C (only gets us up to .44906 g/m3). He also didn't
measure 1000 m open ocean water for total dissolved nitrogen.
IDEA: We could use a graph right here, showing N concentration
as a function of depth, with a peak at a depth of 3300 feet!
43.1.5 ERRATA: 71.313 tons Nitrogen per day! Of course, this is based on
costal .448 g/m3 St. Croix sea water from 870 m.
43.2.6 Ref. 58 ERRATA: 666 tons/day of 65% protein green powder can feed
12 million people a year, not 7.9, but subtracting out the 15%
filter feeded consumption leaves 483.26 tons per day of the green
stuff, or 314.12 tons/day protein. At 35 g/day, this feeds 8.97
million, or about 9 million. (The 20 kg/year number is based on
algal powder, not protein.) Correct note and 043.2.6 to 9 million.
Ref. 68 IDEA: Don't reengineer Spirulina, warm up the cold water by
correctly sizing fresh water desalination and air conditioning
systems to heat the cold water discharge to the proper temperature.
We can include the AC and multi-stage distillation power requirements
from the colony's two OTECs of output.
49.3.5 ERRATA: Change 361 tons/day to 369.55 tons/day.($1.52/kg = $.69/lb)
50.1.8 ERRATA: Change 32 tons/day beta carotene to 36.24 (136,000 per ton)
52.3.2 ERRATA: 37,690.1 tons/year. Fix ref 80 , lines 5 and 8. Benthic
shellfish fix 35% of of 10% of Nitrogen, so at .448 g/m3 x 10% x 35%,
they grab .01568 g N/m3. Dry meat protein is 7.52% N, and meat is
22.5 % protein, yielding 0.9267 g meat per m3, not 1.83g. Multiply
by 5.81E10 m3/year gives 49,896 tons/year, less 30% waste yields
37,690 tons/year.
52.4.6 Filter Feeding shellfish fix .448 x 15% x 35% = .02352 g/m3, which
yields 1.39 g/m3 wet meat, not 2.75. Multiplying by 5.81E10 m3/year
gives 80,764 tons/yr, less 30% waster yields 56,535 tons/year.
54.3.9 Errata: The coupled equations that result from external nitrogen from
agricultural and kitchen waste products, as well as the potential of
recycling Nitrogen from Kelp waste, all serve to increase fish and
kelp (algin) production, because 89.5% of the new Nitrogen becomes Kelp
ammonia, and the other 10.5% becomes fish meat. Then 53%? of the Kelp
tonnage and 30% of the fish tonnage are processed into more fish food!
kelp waste (669.89 tons/day, unknown Nitrogen content),
Spirulina waste (82.68 tons/day, no Nitrogen?),
Benthic shellfish scrap (44.25 tons/day, Nitrogen counted)
Filter feeder scrap (66.38 tons/day, Nitrogen counted
Kitchen waste, (24.00 tons/day, unknown Nitrogen content).
TMP FACTORS
Page 24
Ref. 1 ENERGY: The sun gives the Earth 18,000 times our current energy use.
Page 25
Table 1.1?
ENERGY: 66E6 SCF H2 = 16E9 BTU => 242 BTU/SCF
ENERGY: 175E6 Gal FW = 100E9 BTU => 571 BTU/Gal FW
ENERGY: 410 (149,650) Tons Protein = 465E9 BTU => 1.13E9 BTU/Ton, 1.13E3 BTU/g
ENERGY: Marine Colony Total = 581E9 BTU/year
ENERGY:
Ref. 2 1 Ton Warm Sea Water ~ 2 lb Gasoline ~ 40,000 BTU from 20 C => 10 C
=>660 gal warm SW ~ 1 gal gasoline ~ 20,000 BTU.
Ref. 3 ENERGY: Ocean Thermal Energy ~ to filling ocean 20' deep w/ gasoline.
Ocean average depth is 2.3 miles => 12,500'
Ref. 4 ENERGY: Enough Warm Sea Water (WSW) to cover 140E6 sq.mi. 1000' deep
ENERGY: Enough energy in the ocean right now (5E21 BTU of P.E. ~ 1E15 BBL Oil
To supply our current energy demand (40E9 BBL/year) for 25,000 years.
(A 100,000 BBL refinery produces 36.5E6 BBL/year, so we need ~ 1000)
NITROGEN:
Ref. 5 Oceans contain 550E9 Tons NO3
Ref. 6 Oceans contain 36 times more N than in Earths curent biomass of 911E9
Tons. N is 1.7% at 15.5E9 Tons. 1986 Fertilizer use 20E6 Tons.
Page 26
ENERGY: Marine Colony 581E9 BTU ~ 50E6 BBL Oil (11,620 BTU/BBL, 276.7 BTU/Gal)
Ref. 7 ENERGY: World energy use (1986) was equivalent to 60E9 BBL Oil.
(Equivalent to 1200 Marine Colony's outputs)
026.2.1 ERRATA: 410 Tons x 365 = 149,650 Tons/year = 330 million lb/year.
(Did you mean to say protein here, or perhaps meat, or food?)
(In table 1.1, and here, use 410 x 365 = 149,650 Tons/year!)
(Must make this number agree with total food production on Table 1.10)
Ref. 8 MEAT: Feedlot beef gives 311,000 kcal/kg, so 3E8 lb = 4.23E14 kcal
= 1.7E14 BTU = 37E6 BBL Oil (3.97 BTU/kcal?, 4.5E6 BTU/BBL?)
Ref. 9 MEAT: Fish beats beef at 920,000 kcal/kg, so 3E8 lb = 1.25E14 kcal
= 4.9E14 BTU = 110E6 BBL Oil.
Ref. 10 MEAT: Zebu cattle produce 0.76 kg protein/hectare-year (100m x 100m)
Ref. 11 MEAT: Texas rangeland, w/ 27.5" rain/year, produces 2.2 kg protein/
(Actually 3.3E8 lb = 149.6 million kg => 484 million acres)
026.2.13 ERRATA: Don't forget to say, 484 million acres PER MARINE COLONY!
Ref. 12 Humans put 5E9 Tons CO2 into the air each year. (Energy only?)
Ref. 13 ENERGY: Table 1.2 60E9 BBL Oil equivalent is 21.5 oil, 15 coal,
10.6 gas, 10.2 Nuclear, and 3.3 hydroelectric and other
Ref. 14 ENERGY: 1 Barrel (BBL) = 42 gallons = 315 lb => 7.5 lb/gallon
19,000 BTU/lb => 142,500 BTU/gal => 6E6 BTU/BBL. 1 kWh=3413 BTU.
(When burning oil, only 40% of the energy is converted to power,
so of the 1753.6 BTU in 1 BBL oil, only 701 kWh is produced, the
remaining 60% of the energy, 1052.6 BTU, is waste heat.)
Ref. 15 FIND THIS: Gupta, Vijay K., "An Overview of Ocean Thermal Energy
Systems", Alternate Energy Systems, N.Y. 1984, p.116.
Page 27
ENERGY: 60.6E9 BBL/year = 166E6 BBL/day of world total energy use (1980#)
A colony produces 3.6 tWh/year, which is equivalent to 5.1E6 BBL.
11,775 colonies could supply the total 1980 world energy demand.
NOTE: 26E6 sq.mi / 13,000 colonies = 2,000 sq.mi/ea., 48 mi appart.
(You started this train of thought at 60.6, and ended it at 50.0.
Also, you said the capacity over 25,000 years is 65 Billion BBL
per year, but have not addressed the renewal capacity, other than
to state that Earth gets 18,000 times it's current use. How much of
that is absorbed in the equatorial oceans, and can be converted at
3% OTEC efficiency into usefull power?)
Ref. 16 FIND THIS: William Kincaide and John N. Murray, "Advanced Alkaline
Electrolysis System for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion", 8th
Annual Ocean Energy (Conversion) Conference, June 81, p690.
ENERGY: A colony produces 7E6 kWh/day of exportable energy (NO DOWNTIME).
Electrolysis is 80% efficient at converting that energy to Hydrogen
Of the remaining energy, 82.6% survives liquefaction, giving 4.7E6
kWh of LH2 per day to export, at a volume of 66E6 cu.ft. 32% is lost.
(NOTE: Is this volume for SCF hydrogen gas, of for LH2?)
The heating value of 1 cu.ft of Hydrogen (Liquid or gas?) is 242 BTU.
IDEA: Why not deliver liquid hydrogen using OTEC Airships too? It is
probably faster than surface ships, and can reach any point on Earth!
Also, the Airships can then burn some of their cargo enroute, and
replentish their hydrogen shell supply if needed.
Page 28
Ref. 18 GAIA: At 80.6 F, the sea water vapor release jumps dramatically, and
could drive a runaway greenhouse effect.
Ref. 19 GAIA: Water vapor is 4% of atmosphere, absorbing IR from 1-100 microns
Ref. 20 Compare that to CO2, which composes 0.03%, and absorbs 13-17 microns.
Ref. 21 New atmospheric models including H2O show potential 8-24 C increases,
compared to CO2 models, showing 2-4 C global temperature increases.
GAIA: Marine Colonies cool the equatorial air and surface sea water around
them, and can prevent the runaway greenhouse effect from occuring.
GAIA: With 15,000 colonies in operation, we can remove 10 Billion Tons CO2
per year (1.15 million tons algae, 20% carbon, 700,000 tons CO2.
(ACTUALLY 743,333 tons/year)
029.3.6 ERRATA: Appendix 1.8, p396 says 472 Tons/day dry powder results from
removing 80% water. 472 tons x 2204.6 lb/Ton = 1.04 million pounds
per day, and 38.1 million pounds/year (172,280 tons/year). If the
dry powder is 20% carbon, you only remove 126,339 Tons CO2/year. If
you add in the Kelp, at 1725 Tons/day, 629,625 tons per year, and
the wet weight is 20% carbon, you get rid of another 461,725 tons of
CO2. I've gotten us up to 636,005 tons, so I guess with the fish and
shellfish, we might make it to 700,000, but we'll be hungry!
(NOTE: p43 says 435 Tons dry powder, and Table 1.10 implies 307 Tons
dry powder. Three places, three different numbers.)
Page 31
ENERGY: Nuclear Plants burn 3000 calories to produce 1000 calories.
Ref. 33 ENERGY: OTECs burn 700 calories (or less) to produce 1000 cal.
Page 33 ENERGY: OTECs operate at a 40 degree delta T, 80 degree warm
water and 40 degree cold water.
Ref. 26 ENERGY: Typical fossile fuel plants are 40% efficient at
converting fuel energy into electrical energy.
Ref. 27 ENERGY: OTECs only use about 2.5% of the available energy.
Ref. 28 ENERGY: The sea is a renewable 200 million MW power base.
Ref. 29 ENERGY: 1979 global installed electrical power base was 1E6 MW.
OTEC: Warm water delta T is 77-68 (25-20), cold is 41-44.6 (5-7)
(NOTE: Appendix on mariculture says 53 F (11.7 C) CW discharge!)
Ref. 31 ENERGY: 40 F delta T ~ 400 foot waterfall in potential energy.
Page 34
ENERGY: OTEC: The theoretical minimum delta T is 23 F (12.8 C)
(I wonder what minimum is w/ only pumping power, no surplus.)
Ref. 32 AQUARIUS: There are 20 million square miles of equatorial space
for marine colonies. That is 2000 square miles per colony for
10,000 colonies. In a hex pattern, they are 48 km appart!
Ref. 33 OTEC: Delta T is 44 F in some places. (24.4 C is 43.92 F NE of
New Guinea!
Ref. 34 OTEC: Gross power scales with the square of absolute delta T.
Ref. 35 OTEC: A 42 F delta T is optimal for 25 to 100 MW plants.
Raising or lowering delta T by 4 F has a 25% effect on power.
ERRATA: (46/42)^2 = 1.2, and (38/42)^2 = .82, a 20% effect.
Page 35
T 1.3 ERATTA: A curve showing depth vs temp in C and F is better.
T 1.4 ERATTA: Three curves showing month surface water, 1000 m deep
water, and differential temperatures on the vertical left axis
in C and F, power ouput percent on the vertical right axis, and
month of the year on the horizontal axis would be great here!
035.0.2 ERRATA: Reference table 1.3 here, not 1.4!
Page 36 OTEC: Regions are mislabeled. A is low, B through G are good,
Right hand H is one of four cold water discharge pumps, Left
hand H is one of four warm water discharge pumps, and there are
no supply pumps. Region I is really one of 16 intake pipes that
are embedded in the OTEC housing wall. The pipes are separated
by air gaps. Vacuum draws warm water in the 16 intake pipes.
ERATTA: Where did the cold water pump specs come from?
OTEC: CW flow = 9,400 ft3/s (266.184 m3/s), pipe area = 1256.6 ft2,
flow speed = 7.162 fps (2.183 m/s)
FIND: Arthur W. Hagen, "Thermal Energy From the Sea, Park Ridge, 1975.
ERRATA: This Hagen reference (#36?), could be misplaced. Does he know
the flow rate of the 100 MW OTEC plant?
036.1.7 ERRATA: Say 3300', not 3000.
036.2.1 ERRATA: That thing in the pipe is flow separators and a valve.
There is no large single pump that I am aware of.
Page 37
T 1.5 ERRATA: Where did the single cold water pump data come from?
(20' rotor, 39' impeller, 38 rpm, 12.5 MW. Also, 4.3E6 gpm and
9,400 cu. ft./s imply 7.624 gal/cu.ft. but 7.5 is correct value.
Warm water pumps at 27.61 MW are 6.9 MW each. Also reduced 0.6?
ERRATA: Ref. 38 factors costs per kW by 0.6 to downsize plant and save
money. Reduce plant kWh to bring the cost down.
Finally, a 2x inflation factor is way too low, but not needed,
as technological advances are negating inflation. Plant costs
are not escalating much. $1 million/MW 1960 vs $1.5 in 1990.
FIND: Reference 38: Thomas J. Rubas, 6th OTEC COnf., June 79, p9.1.11
Page 38
OTEC: Each 100 MW OTEC costs $157 million, so 7 cost $1,099 million.
59 MW net x 7 = 413 MW less 100 MW to colonists and 15 MW to
industry, leaving 299 MW to use or export.
Ref. 41 Dunbar p. 951 gives O&M as 1.5% Capital, = $16.485 M/yr, or
0.458 cents per kWh assuming 3.61788 billion kWh/yr at 100%.
(Note that quad redundant pumps don't require plant shutdown!
Ref. 42 Hagan says 100 MW plant pumps 595,000 lb/s. Need CW density!
9,400 ft3/s implies 63.3 lb/ft3 (8.44 lb/gal, 1013.944 kg/m3)
of cold seawater.
Ref. 43 Open Oceans are 90% of the sea, and yield 1% of the fish caught.
Like rain forrests, life has stripped the surface of nutrients.
Unlike rainforrests, dead seafood sinks, and can't be recycled.
Page 39
Ref. 45 The carbon cycle takes thousands of years to complete.
Ref. 46 The Thermohaline circulation, pole to equator, takes 1000 years
Ref. 47 Upwelling zones cover 1/10 of 1%, and provide 44% of the fish.
PPage 40
FISH: Montery Bay and canyon, antarctic outcropping zones are great
natural fisheries.
Ref. 48 NITROGEN: Deap water nitrogen boosts algae growth 160 fold.
Page 41
Ref. 49 Nitrate is NO3, Nitrite is NO2, ammonia is NH3, 22.58, 30.43,
and 82.35 % N by weight. (14/62, 14/46, and 14/17 amu).
41.3.7 ERRATA: Use .448/m3 here to get 1.7 mg/gal in 43.1.4
Also, Roels uses .448 g/m3 for his 100 MW OTEC mariculture, but
it is unclear whether this is a 1000 m, or a 870 m number.
We could use a graph showing N peaking at a depth of 3300 feet!
43.1.5 ERRATA: Roels says .448 g/m3, for a 100 MW OTEC's discharge.
595,000 lb / 2.2046226 lb/kg = 269,887 kg/s of cold deap water.
Using 1,013.944 kg per m3, from Ref 42, gives 266.176 m3/s
or .12108 kg N/s x 3600 x 24 x 7 plants = 72.12 tons Nitrogen
per day! Of course, this may be a quirk of the St. Croix coast.
Using .4 g/m3, I get 64.39 tons Nitrogen/day. At 264.17205
gallons per m3 per plant, I get 161 million gallons per day, and
42.527 billion gallons per 7 plants. If a cubic meter contains
448 mg N, then a gallon contains 1.7 mg. Right on.
OTEC: Seven 100 MW OTECs at 58.76 billion m3/yr x .448 g/m3 = 26,323.6
tons Nitrogen per year.
Ref. 51 To make sea water, add 9 tablespoons sea salt and 1 grain-sized
2/10,000 tablespoon of nitrates to a gallon of fresh water.
Page 42
OCEAN: Polar downwelling replaces 1/10 of 1% of the deep water each yr.
Ref. 52 OCEAN: The sea holds 300 million cubic miles of water, of which
75% is below 3000 feet! That gives us a 225 million cubic mile
resevoir, being renewed at 225,000 cubic miles per year.
Ref. 53 OCEAN: In the North Atlantis alone, 1 cubic mile of cold water
sinks every 20 minutes. Thats 26,280 cu.mi. per year, 11.7%
of the resupply.
Page 43
FOOD: 42 billion gallons per day x 1.7 mg/gallon = 70 tons N/day
Ref. 54 If Spirulina captured 78%, or 58 tons/day, 13.4% of which was
protein, 433 tons per day would be produced.
Ref. 55 Protein is 65% if dry Spirulina powder's weight
Ref. 56 Dividing 433 tons/day by 65% protein gives 666 tons/day algae
Ref. 57 People need 35g protein per day (US RDA). That's 54 g (4 tbs.)
powder per day, 20 kg per year.
Ref. 58 ERRATA: 666 tons/day can feed 12 million people a year, not 7.9!
(The 20 kg/year number is based on algal powder, not protein.)
Correct note
Ref. 59 Sixty percent of the global population is protein deprived.
Ref. 60 Americans get 96 g/day, 66 of which is from animal meat.
FOOD: In 1975 (out of date) 36E6 tons animal protein were consumed.
Page 44
ALGAE: Blue-Green algae have existed on Earth for 3.5 billion years.
Ref. 6? IDEA: Don't reengineer Spirulina, warm up the cold water by
correctly sizing fresh water desalination and air conditioning
systems to heat cold water discharge to the proper temperature.
Ref. 64 ALGAE: Blue-Green algae strains exist in 160 degree F brine
lakes, under 18 feet of ice in Arctic lakes, inside lichens, and
in the Sahara desert, 48 varieties were found living on morning
dew under a rock!
Ref. 65 70 % of Earth's surface is ocean, and 70% of its biomas is algae
Ref. 66 Algae does 90% of the photosynthesis, producing most of our
atmosphere's oxygen, and removing most of its CO2.
ALGAE: Spirulina grows in a spiral of 6 to 12 cells. Each cell is a
seed, and wastes no mass on roots, stems, leaves or flowers.
100% of the cell is edible, and it has no dormant period!
Ref. 67 Spirulina grows through the division of a mother cell into two
daughter cells. The cell wall is made of mucopolysacharides,
which are 85% digestible by humans. Diatoms, on the other hand,
have cell walls of silica, which krill can deal with.
Page 46
Ref. 68 Spirulina is 65% protein by weight, and prefers alkaline water.
By comparison, soybeans are 35%, beans are 22%, and alfalfa is
18%. Corn and rice are low in Lysine, and soybeans are low in
Methionine. At 1.5 ug/g, Spirulina is the most concentrated
source of vitamin B12 available.
Ref. 69 Spirulina has twice the B12 of even liver. The US RDA of B12 is
6 ug/day. This will avoid the development of pernicious anemia.
One tbs. Spirulina powder has 15 ug B12, 250% of the RDA.
Two tbs. has 50% of protein RDA, 70% of B1, 50% B2, and 12% B3.
Ref. 70 Spirulina has all 8 amino acids in similar quantities to milk,
eggs, and meat.
Ref. 71 One tbs. of Spirulina powder has 500% of the RDA of vitamin A,
Beta Carotene, contained in only 7.5 % of the dry mass. It also
has 2 g (of 35/4=8.75g) of vitamin E, 80% more than Wheat Germ.
Kwashiorker is a protein deficiency, causing a distended belly.
Beri-beri is a B1 deficiency. Pellagra is a Niacin deficiency.
Spirulina is 6% fat, .013% cholesterol, has 36 calories per tbs.
1.3 mg cholesterol, and 6.5 g protein. AN egg has 80 calories
and 300 mg of cholesterol.
Ref. 74 Table 1.9: ug/g vitamins in Spirulina. A=170, B1=5.5, B2=4,
B3=12, B12=0.2, E=19, Pantothenic Acid=1.1, Folic Acid=0.05,
Potassium=360, Calcium=100, Phosphorus=960, Iron=43, Zink=25,
Manganese=2.0, Chlorophyl=680, Caratenoids=340, and Phycocyanin=
3% to 10%.
Page 49
FOOD: A pound of tuna needs 10 lb of sardines, 100 lb of copepods,
1000 lb of algae. Autotrophs are primary food producers.
SPIRULINA: A two-stage alcohol-based process reduces the 666
tons per day of green algae powder, at 65% protein, to three end
products. The 433 tons of protein are converted to an 85%
protein white powder at 509 tons. Beta Carotene is 7.5% of the
666 tons, and is extracted at 50 tons. These two products sum
to 559 tons, leaving a waste product of 107 tons. Of the 35%
that was not protein, 7.5% was removed as Beta Carotene, 11.4%
has remained with the protein, and 16 % is 107 tons/day waste.
On a percentage basis, the white Spirulina has captured 76.5%
of the initial mass, Beta Carotene has 7.5%, and 16% is wasted.
The blue-green pigments contain most of the Beta Carotene (B12).
ERRATA Now on page 49, you say 361 tons dry powder, vs. 433 on p. 43!
200E6 $/yr / 132E6 kg/yr = $1.52/kg ($0.69/lb) for powder.
Now you say 32 tons is 7.5% of something, so you must have
started with the 433 tons of protein, instead of the 666 tons
of green Spirulina powder. Using 32 tons Beta Carotene per day
gives 11,680 tons/year x 2204.6 lb/ton x $136/lb = $3.5 billion,
not $3.2. But since we used 78% of the Nitrogen, forgetting
that 15% went to filter feeders, we really need 63% of 72 tons,
which is 45.36 tons, 338.5 tons protein, 520.8 tons Green powder
of which 7.5% (39 tons) is Beta Carotene, yielding $4.27 billion
plus 398 tons white powder/day, 145,359 tons/year, 320.45 M lb
per year, at $0.69/lb = $211 million/year.
Ref. 78 Spirulina retains 95% of its protein after 7 years in storage!
Add it to flower at 3 tbs. / lb (1.5 oz/lb), or add to water
to make baby formula. Now you say $1.00/lb.
Page 52 Crab, Conch, Turtle, and Abalone feed on Benthic sea grass kelp.
10% of the Nitrogen is fixed by Benthic Kelp. Shellfish convert
fix 35% of this Nitrogen, so at .448 g/m3 x 10% x 35%, we grab
.01568 g N and produce 1.83g meat, a mass increase of 116.7092.
If meat protein is 7.5% Nitrogen, and meat is 11.424% protein,
I can get the right mass increase.
You say 120,000 tons/yr (329 tons/day) shellfish/year here, and
waste 70% to get 84,000 tons/year (230 tons/year). Now we need
to subtract colony consumption, but add colony food waste later
to boost fish pellet production. All that agricultural nitrogen
is part of the equation too, as are 100,000 colonists.
Ref. 80 Filter Feeding shellfish yield 2.75 g/m2 by eating Spirulina
that had fixed 15% of the Nitrogen, and keeping 35% of it.
.448 x 15% x 35% = .02352 g/m3, so 2.75 g is a 114.8 fold mass
increase. Need %N in meat protein, and % protein in meat!
You use 440 tons/day, less 30% scrap (132 tpd), leaves 308 tpd.
In ref. 80, you round to 300 tpd.
Ref. 81 Putting 440,000 kg in 6 cages is 73,333 kg meat per cage.
If it were all oyster, at .1 kg meat/oyster, the cages would
each have to hold 733,333 oysters! Crab, Shrimp, and Lobster
shells will be processed for chitin, to make paper as a
cellulose substitute.
PEARLS: Each colony will produce thousands of pears per day, wholesaling
for $5 to $1000 each. Pearls eat 1% of our Algae, and produce
15% of our income. Green pearls come from Abalone. Mother of
Pearl lines the pearl oyster shells.
Phil Kopitske
1943 Bowsens Lane
Woodbury, MN 55125
(612) 735-0278
kopit002@maroon.tc.umn.edu
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